A natural disaster such as an earthquake or man-made disasters related to conflict and displacement, are all traumatic events. Providing psychological aid can help by recognising those in distress, by listening to them, comforting them, linking them to needed services, and encouraging them to connect with their families and communities. Educating people about psychological reactions to a traumatic event and teaching self-help techniques such as deep breathing are helpful interventions immediately post-emergency.

When people develop mental health disorders - anxiety, depression, post-traumatic reactions - that go beyond their coping skills, specialised care is needed, through group or individual consultations. Our teams work in countries where the health system is often failing, particularly in the area of mental health. Support can be done by people trained in counselling techniques, or when available by psychologists and even psychiatrists.

People with life-threatening diseases, such as HIV or tuberculosis, are shocked and upset by the discovery of their disease and by the physical and psychological upheavals they face. Other chronic conditions can present symptoms related to depression or other psychological distress. Some specific treatments, such as for TB, can have side effects that include depression and psychosis. Our teams provide counselling to people on diagnosis of a serious disease, and monitor patients' mental health while on treatment, especially those taking medicines with potential psychological side effects.

People with severe mental illnesses require special attention and treatment. In contexts where health services are failing, they are neglected and often stigmatised. Psychiatric treatment in MSF is usually integrated into general medical care. In some projects, specialised clinicians treat patients with severe mental illness; in others, where there is a lack of specialised professionals, general practitioners are trained to diagnose and treat psychiatric disorders. Supporting and expanding the capacity of our teams to care for patients with severe mental illness is a priority.